Ultra High Precision Resistor Network

Dip Precision Metal Film

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Description
1(UPRNS) Serial Precision Resistor Network Voltage Divider
(UPRNS) Precision Serial Voltage Network Divider technology outperforms all other resistor technologies available today for applications that require high precision and high stability. This technology has been pioneered and developed by Token, and products based on this technology are the most suitable for a wide range of applications.
UPRNS Series - PDF
2(UPRND) Parallel Precision Resistor Network Voltage Divider
(UPRND) Parallel Voltage Divider Networks meet Lead (Pb)-free and RoHS compliant. Known for providing design engineers with a comprehensive range of industrial-qualified resistive devices, Token Electronics has further expanded its precision product capabilities in Serial UPRNS and Parallel UPRND Series.
UPRND Series - PDF
3(UPR) Wider Ohmic Range Precision Network Resistors
Providing design engineers with an economical means of creating precision voltage dividers and set accurate amplifier gains for a wide range of applications, Token Electronics is offering its series of precision thin-film resistor networks. Constructed with Token EE/RE 1/10 series to form a stable, high precision, and low temperature coefficient network resistors., the networks are protected from moisture by a proprietary passivation material.
UPR Series - PDF
4(UPSC) Compact Size Precision Resistor Networks
The thin-film precision compact size networks also can be designed with custom schematics to meet individual customer specifications. The networks provide excellent resistor precision and accuracy with resistor tolerances to ±0.01%. They have TCR values to ±2ppm/°C, providing superior performance over the military temperature range.
UPSC Series - PDF
5(RE) Ultra Precision Resistor Military Established
Token Metal Film Coated (RE) Series meets MIL-PRF-55182 and GJB244A-2001 quality standards, extreme stability, excellent reliability, and low temperature coefficient PPM.
RE Series - PDF
6(RN) Mold Military-Qualified Precision Resistor
(RN) precision military established resistor is strictly controlled and follows an extensive set of instructions established for reproducibility. A homogeneous film of metal alloy is deposited on a high grade ceramic body and conditioned to achieve the desired temperature stability.
RN Series - PDF
7(EE) Low TCR High Precision Resistors
Known for providing design engineers with a comprehensive range of military-qualified resistive precision devices, Token Electronics Advanced Metal Film has further expanded its military product capabilities. These cost-effective high precision moulding low TCR resistor meets ROHS requirements, MIL-PRF-55182, and GJB244A-2001 quality standards.
EE Series - PDF
8(NE) Low Ohmic Ultra Precision Resistors
A homogenous film of metal alloy is deposited on a high grade ceramic body. After a helical groove has been cut in the resistive layer, tinned connecting wires of electrolytic copper are welded to the end-caps. Token has complete capability to develop specific reliability programs designed to customer requirements. Low resistance resistors equate Vishay, Ohmite, Caddock, IRC, EBG, KOA, Panasonic ultra precision devices with more competitive price and fast delivery.
NE Series - PDF
9(UAR) Low Noise Precision Resistors
The low noise (UAR) resistor represents a significant technical advancement in resistive technology, combining low temperature coefficients with high environmental stabilities, and high frequency performance. The UAR range effectively bridges the gap that has hitherto existed between the high precision, high stability networks or wirewound technology and conventional film technology.
UAR Series - PDF
10(RJ) General Purpose Precision Resistor
The (RJ) Series Precision Metal Film Resistors are manufactured using vacuum sputtering system to deposit multiple layers of mixed metals and passivative materials onto a carefully treated high grade ceramic substrate, the resistors are coated with layers of blue lacquer.
RJ Series - PDF

Thin Film Surface Mount Chips

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Description
1(AR) Thin-Film Precision Chip Resistors
(AR) Series ideal for high-accuracy designs where board space is limited. Features thin film TaN & Ni/Cr resistor, TCR from ±5PPM ~ ±50PPM, and tolerance from ±0.01% ~ ±1%. Token's AR series of Nichrome thin-film precision surface mount resistors are ideal for a wide range of applications requiring excellent stability, tight tolerances, and low TCR, including circuitry for navigation and avionics instrumentation, medical equipment, test equipment, automotive instrumentation, and telecommunications systems.
AR Series - PDF
2(PR) Anti-Corrosive Precision Chip Resistors
(PR) Series features special passivated NiCr film for Anti-Acid and Anti-Damp, very tight tolerance from ±0.1%, and extremely low TCR from ±25PPM/°C. Token manufactures thin film precision anti-corrosive chip resistors complying Lead-Free Logo, lead-free products, and lead-free soldering. Thin film resistors terminator (BUSSED) networks, thin-film resistors meets restriction of hazardous substances RoHS directive and RoHS compliance.
PR Series - PDF
3(PWR) Chip Pulse Withstanding Resistors
(PWR) Series features high power rating, very tight tolerance from ±0.5%~5%, and improved working voltage ratings. Chip pulse withstanding resistors can be customed designs and tighter tolerances available on request. Application of thin film chip specific designs also available including different thin chip size and ppm specifications adjusted to resistance requirements.
PWR Series - PDF

Leadless Face MELF

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Description
1(RFM) High Frequency MELF Resistor
RFM series, resistance range (25Ω to 200Ω), tolerance range (±0.5% to ±5.0%), power dissipation rating at 70°C up to 0.75W, small size. They are the perfect choice in high frequency circuit designs where the parasitic inductance of regular, helical trimmed resistors can not be accepted, but where also pulse energies apply. Typical applications are in the fields of telecommunication equipment and industrial electronics.
RFM Series - PDF
2(RJM) Precision MELF Resistor
RJM series come with advanced thin film technology, low TCR (lower than ±5PPM/°C), tolerance up to ±0.05%, power dissipation rating up to 5W, excellent overall stability (class 0.10), and wide resistance range (0.1Ω to 22MΩ). RJM resistors combine the proven reliability of professional MELF products with a most advanced level of precision and stability first achieved with axial thin film device.
RJM Series - PDF
3(RGM) Pulse Load MELF Resistor
RGM series features advanced metal glaze film technology and provides high pulse loading capability, excellent anti-surge performance, wide resistance range (50kΩ to 1GΩ), tolerance up to ±0.5%, power dissipation rating at 70°C up to 3W. The RGM anti-surge melf resistors feature metal caps fitted on the terminals of the cylindrical resistor body to give the devices exceptional thermal compliance.
RGM Series - PDF

Power Wirewound Precision

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Description
1(AH) Aluminum Chassis Heat Sinkable Precision Resistors
Token Electronics precision aluminum chassis mount housed resistors are designed for maximum heat dissipation mounting solidly to metal chassis surface for maximum heat transfer. AH series are outstanding for their high power dissipation with precision tolerances in minimum physical sizes.
AH Series - PDF
2(AHL) Extending Lead Wire Aluminum Encased Resistors
Token Electronics precision aluminum chassis mount housed resistors are designed for maximum heat dissipation mounting solidly to metal chassis surface for maximum heat transfer. AH series are outstanding for their high power dissipation with precision tolerances in minimum physical sizes.
AH Series - PDF
2(BWW) Axial Wirewound Precision Resistors
The new BWW series moulded axial leaded wirewound resistors from Token use high-purity alumina ceramic cores with wire winding which are spot welded by precision CNC machine tools to ensure total operational consistency throughout. Meets the standards of MIL-R-93.
BWW Series - PDF
3(KNP-R) Wirewound Precision Power Resistors
Precision wirewound power resistor (KNP-R) meeting MIL-R-26E (U and V characteristics) and surface temperature (hot spot) 375°C max. KNP-R with a wide range of 0.01Ω ~ 82kΩ, covering applications from precision to power.
KNP-R Series - PDF

Glossary of Resistor Terminology

Temperature Coefficient of Resistance (TCR)

The Temperature Coefficient of Resistance (TCR) is expressed as the change in resistance in ppm (0.0001%) with each degree of change in temperature Celsius (°C). For example, a resistor with a TCR of +100 ppm/°C will change +0.1% total over a 10-degree change and +1% total over a 100-degree change.

The TCR value quoted on specification sheets is typically quoted as being referenced at +25°C and is the +25°C to +75°C slope of the TCR curve. TCR is typically not linear, but parabolic with temperature, as illustrated by the accompanying fig-1. Often the circuit designer treats the TCR as being linear unless very accurate measurements are needed. MIL STD 202 Method 304 is often referenced as a standard for measuring TCR. The following formula expresses the rate of change in resistance value per 1 °C in a prescribed temperature range:

  • TCR (ppm/°C) = (R - Ro) / Ro × 1 / (T - To) × 106
  • R: Measured resistance (Ω) at T °C; Ro: Measured resistance (Ω) at To °C
  • T: Measured test temperature (°C); To: Measured test temperature (°C)

In the context of a resistor network, this TCR value is called the absolute TCR in that it defines the TRC of a specific resistor element.

Typical Temperature Coefficient of Resistance (TCR)
Typical Temperature Coefficient of Resistance (TCR)

Power Rating

Power ratings are based on physical size, allowable change in resistance over life, thermal conductivity of materials, insulating and resistive materials, and ambient operating conditions. For best results, employ the largest physical size resistors at the less than their maximum rated temperature and power. Never use them continuously at their maximum rating unless you are prepared to accept the maximum allowed life cycle changes. If the circuit designs permits, the choice of a high ohmic value resistor or divider network will minimize the power level and improve the resistor’s performance as it is operating at a lower power level. See the Derating curve entry in this glossary.

Absolute Tolerance

The tolerance of a resistor or a specific resistor in a network is also called the absolute tolerance.

Dielectric Withstanding Voltage

The rated voltage that can be applied to a designated point between the resistive element and the outer coating, or the resistive element and the mounting surface, without causing dielectric breakdown.

Voltage Coefficient of Resistance (VCR)

The Voltage Coefficient is the change in resistance with applied voltage. This is entirely different and in addition to the effects of self-heating when power is applied. A resistor with a VCR of 100 ppm/V will change 0.1% over a 10 Volt change and 1% over a 100 Volt change. The rate of change in resistance value per 1 Volt in the prescribed voltage range is expressed by the following formula:

  • VCR (ppm/V) = (Ro - R) / Ro × 1 / ( Vo - V) × 106
  • R: Measured resistance (Ω) at base voltage; V: Base voltage
  • Ro: Measured resistance (Ω) at upper voltage; Vo: Upper voltage

Typical Derating Curve
Typical Derating Curve

Derating Curve

The curve that describes the relationship between the resistors’s operating temperature and the maximum value of continuous power permitted at that temperature. If the circuit designs permits, the choice of a high ohmic value resistor or divider network will minimize this consideration and improve the resistor's performance because it will operate at lower power.

Maximum Working Voltage

The maximum voltage applied continuously to a resistor or a resistor element. The maximum value of the applicable voltage is the rated voltage at the critical resistance value or lower. If the circuit designs permits, the choice of a high ohmic value resistor or divider network will improve the resistor’s performance because it will operate at lower power.

Rated Power

Rated power is the maximum value of power (watts), which can be continuously applied to a resistor at a rated ambient temperature. The basic mathematical relationship is Equation: Power (Watts) = (Current (Amps))2 × Resistance (Ohm).

If the circuit designs permits, the choice of a high ohmic value resistor or divider network will minimize the power level and improve the resistor’s performance because it is operating at a lower power and temperature level.

Rated Voltage

The maximum voltage applied continuously to a resistor at the rated ambient temperature. Rated voltage is calculated from the following formula, but it must not exceed the maximum working voltage. Equation: Rated Voltage (V) = (Rated Power (W) × Nominal Resistance Value (Ω))1/2

High voltage resistors often are potted or operated in oil as the arc over voltage, in air, is approximately 10,000 volts per inch. Ohmcraft’s resistors feature higher voltage ratings due to their high square count and associated design characteristics.

Nominal Resistance

The adjective nominal (ultimately from Latin means "name") generally relates to the concept of names, and often to the difference between what something is in name (ideally or theoretically) and what it is in reality. Thus it may refer to: a value that is used as the name for an actual value of resistance which is close but not exactly the same. Please refer to Token Color Code & Nominal Resistance Table

Noise

Noise is an unwanted AC signal from within the resistor. Resistive noise can have a devastating effect on low-level signals, charge amplifiers, high gain amplifiers, and other applications sensitive to noise. The best approach is to use resistor types with low or minimal noise in applications that are sensitive to noise.

Absolute TCR

The Temperature Coefficient of Resistance (TCR) of a resistor or a specific resistor in a network is also called the absolute TCR.

PDF Catalogue

Download Glossary of Resistor Terminology in PDF file.

Design Guide for Precision Resistive Devices

Introduction

Even in this digital age, a number of measurement and instrumentation applications rely on the accuracy of the value of one or more resistors. To guarantee the performance of the system, the designer must understand what factors can affect the value of a precision device, and how the combined effect of these factors may be evaluated.

There are essentially three types of error source to be understood.

  • The first is measurement errors, which limit the precision with which the actual resistance value can be known.
  • Secondly, short-term change factors, reflecting uncertainty in the resistance value in a customer’s recently assembled PCB.
  • Thirdly, long-term change factors, reflecting value drift throughout the product’s life.

The combination of all these factors is termed total excursion.

Long-Term Change Factors

Datasheets often quote a number of figures for the performance data to enable the designer to assess the maximum lifetime change in resistance value. In general, only one of these figures should be used – the one that most closely reflects operating conditions.

The shelf life figure applies where loading is negligible and the environment is benign. The load figure applies where power dissipation is the main factor, the long-term damp heat figure where humid environments may be encountered.

In all these tests the majority of the value change happens within the period of the test, as the value will tend to stabilize. For example, the 1,000-hour load figure is a good guide to the change predicted over a longer period of service.

For greater precision, mathematical models exist to extrapolate from tested stability levels to long-term stability under application conditions.

Short-Term Change Factors

The most basic factors are tolerance and temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR). The tolerance is simply the maximum percentage deviation of actual resistance value from nominal for resistors as delivered, measured at a specified temperature (normally 25°C). In some cases the measurement voltage is also specified.

The TCR specifies a limit on the variation of resistance with temperature. It is defined as the maximum average change in resistance value per degree centigrade between two defined temperatures, and expressed in ppm/°C. Unless otherwise stated, the tolerance and TCR figures are positive or negative, ie, "0.1%" means "±0.1%".

When defining the temperature range for a resistor it is necessary to consider the internal ambient temperature, the effect of nearby heat-generating components and the temperature rise due to dissipation in the resistor itself.

There are other factors that can affect resistance value measurements in some cases. For high-value and high-voltage parts, the value obtained can depend on the measurement voltage used. The maximum error from this source may be calculated from the voltage coefficient of resistance (VCR), which expresses this change in ppm/V. VCR is always negative. Customers may specify measurement voltages which reflect actual operating conditions to eliminate this error.

At the other extreme, very low-value resistors for current-sensing applications may generate thermal EMFs at junctions of dissimilar metals when a temperature difference arises through self-heating, or some other cause. This can be significant compared to the resistive volt drop and therefore generate an error. Designing for thermal symmetry across the resistor can normally eliminate this error source.

TCR and VCR both produce reversible changes in resistance value; the resistance would recover to its original value if measured at room temperature and standard measurement voltage. Other changes are permanent, and the first of these to consider is value shifts due to processing by the PCB assembler. This can be assessed by looking at the performance figure for resistance to solder heat in the datasheet.

Measurement Errors

Care is often needed when measuring precision devices to keep the measurement uncertainty at a negligible level compared to the resistance error.

In addition to controlling the measurement temperature and voltage, the connections may need to be four-terminal (Kelvin) and using screened cables.

If very high values are encountered, the use of guarding techniques may be needed to eliminate surface leakage paths. The instrument used must have sufficient resolution and traceable calibration to enable the measurement uncertainty to be quantified.

If measurement uncertainty cannot be made negligible, it should be allowed for. For example, when checking the value of 0.01% tolerance resistor on a meter with 0.001% (10ppm) measurement uncertainty, acceptance limits of 0.009% should be used.

Clearly initial calibration can be used to eliminate tolerance and soldering process induced errors.

PDF Catalogue

Download Design Guide for Precision Resistive Devices in PDF file.

General Information of Token Precision

High Precision Devices Made in Token

Token is equipped to design and produce custom components to meet many design and reliability demands.

Token's line of high-reliability and precision products reflects a long-term commitment to our industrial and military customers. In addition to standard industy-grade resistor products, we also have many resistive products designed to meet various military source-controlled drawings.

We continually strive to meet the changing application requirements of the markets by developing new products and manufacturing technologies on an on-going basis.

Low TCR - Fast Approach to A Steady State

Token Electronics provides a precision Temperature Coefficient of Resistance TCR as low as 2 ppm/°C, If you must guarantee a smaller resistance change in your application.

TCR is the best known parameter used to specify a resistor’s stability, and is used to depict the resistive element’s sensitivity to temperature change due to ambient temperature variations.

A resistor's TCR tells how much its value changes as its temperature changes. It is usually expressed in ppm/°C (parts per million per degree Centigrade) units.

Long-Term Proven Service

Our technical expertise, our knowledge of the industry, our broad product offering, and our ability to work long-term are all part of Token’s ongoing commitment to meeting the changing requirements of our most reliability-conscious customer, today and in the future.

Enhanced Precision and Stability

Every component Token provides to the commercial, industrial, and military markets for cost-efficiency uses is backed by the comprehensive testing and failure analysis capabilities of our own technical staff, whom are industrial experts in understanding and meeting the requirements of the environment.

PDF Catalogue

Download General Info. of Precision Resistors in PDF file.

Download Entire Catalogue of Precision Resistors in PDF file covering comprehensive resistor range.